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Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli cells.
Autosome
A chromosome not involved in sex determination.
Identical twin
Twins produced by the division of a single zygote; both have identical genotypes.
Genetic illness
Sickness, physical disability, or other disorder resulting from the inheritance of one or more deleterious alleles.
Mitosis
The process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Fraternal twin
Siblings born at the same time as the result of fertilization of two ova by two sperm. They share the same genetic relationship to each other as any other siblings.
Birth defect
Any harmful trait, physical or biochemical, present at birth, whether a result of a genetic mutation or some other nongenetic factor.
Phenotype
The physical characteristics of an organism or the presence of a disease that may or may not be genetic.
Deletion.
A loss of part of the DNA from a chromosome; can lead to a disease or abnormality.
Mutation
Any heritable change in DNA sequence.
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